Everything about H N Language totally explained
The
Hän language is a
Native American endangered language spoken in only two places:
Eagle, Alaska and
Dawson City, Yukon. There are only a few fluent speakers left (perhaps about 10), all of them elderly.
It is a member of the
Athabaskan language family, which is part of the larger
Na-Dené family. The name of the language is derived from the name of the people, "Hän Hwëch'in", which in the language means "people who live along the river", the river being the
Yukon. There are currently efforts to revive the language locally.
Phonology
Consonants
The consonants of Hän in the standard orthography are listed below (with IPA notation in brackets):
| |
Bilabial |
Interdental |
Alveolar |
Lateral |
Postalveolar |
Retroflex |
Velar |
Glottal |
| Stop |
voiceless |
b [p] |
|
d [t] |
|
|
dr [ʈ] |
g [k] |
’ [ʔ] |
| aspirated |
(p) [pʰ] |
|
t [tʰ] |
|
|
tr [ʈʰ] |
k [kʰ] |
|
| ejective |
|
|
t’ [tʼ] |
|
|
tr’ [ʈʼ] |
k’ [kʼ] |
|
| Affricate |
voiceless |
|
ddh [tθ] |
dz [ʦ] |
dl [tɬ] |
dj [ʧ] |
|
|
|
| aspirated |
|
tth [tθʰ] |
ts [ʦʰ] |
tl [tɬʰ] |
ch [ʧʰ] |
|
|
|
| ejective |
|
tth’ [tθʼ] |
ts’ [ʦʼ] |
tl’ [tɬʼ] |
ch’ [ʧʼ] |
|
|
|
| Fricative |
voiced |
|
dh [ð] |
z [z] |
|
zh [ʒ] |
zr [ʐ] |
gh [ɣ] |
|
| voiceless |
|
th [θ] |
s [s] |
ł [ɬ] |
sh [ʃ] |
sr [ʂ] |
kh [x] |
h [h] |
| Nasal |
voiced |
m [m] |
|
n [n] |
|
|
|
|
|
| voiceless |
|
|
nh [n̥] |
|
|
|
|
|
| voiced stop |
mb [mb] |
|
nd [ⁿd] |
|
|
|
|
|
| voiced affricate |
|
|
|
|
nj [ⁿʤ] |
|
|
| Approximant |
voiced |
w [w] |
|
|
l [l] |
y [j] |
r [ɻ] |
|
|
| voiceless |
wh [ʍ] |
|
|
|
yh [ȷ̊] |
rh [ɻ̥] |
|
|
Vowels
» *
short
**
a [a]
» **
ä [ɑ]
**
e [e]
» **
ë [ə]
**
i [i]
» **
o [o]
**
u [u]
» *
long
**
aa [aː]
» **
ää [ɑː]
**
ee [eː]
» **
ëë [əː]
**
ii [iː]
» **
oo [oː]
**
uu [uː]
» *
diphthongs
**
aw [au]
» **
ay [ai]
**
äw [ɑu]
» **
ew [eu]
**
ey [ei]
» **
iw [iu]
**
oy [oi]
» * nasal vowels are marked by an
ogonek accent, for example,
ą
* low tone is marked with a
grave accent, for example,
à » * rising tone is marked with a
circumflex accent, for example,
â
* falling tone is marked with a
caron (
or háček), for example,
ǎ » * high tone is never marked, for example,
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